Motivations for Travel and Tourism

Motivations for Travel and Tourism Tourist motivations are the factors to make people wishing to go travel. They want to have personal fulfilment (Coltman, 1989). Crompton (cited in Van Harssel, 1994) discovered that most responders also thought that travel is like a rest and relaxation from routine. However, it did not represent changing their way of lives, people just continue to do the similar things but in a distinct surroundings and physical context. He also indicated that travel can provide for self-exploration, excitement or social interaction. They are the reasons why people travel around the world. Tourists would not learn all the things by their routines or from television and books. It is better for them to get experiences by themselves, because of unedited by anyone else. Afterwards travel can make a marked difference with routines, and it will provide exciting, uncommon or strange things to tourist. Furthermore, the high-tech world increases social lives. For example, people will go to the movies, shoppin g malls or concerts with friends and colleagues. Different gender, age, social class, retirement, unemployment, social relationships, characters and socialization can affect the decision-making of tourism (Argyle, 1996). Wahab (1975 cited in Burns, 1999) established several travel purposes, they include business tourism, health tourism, cultural tourism, sport tourism and recreational tourism. It can be easy to understand that what people generally travel for. The major reasons of travel are freedom and entertainment which can be defined as pleasure travel (Argyle, 1996). Tourists expect and believe that going on a vacation can partly or fully different needs and wants (Mill and Morrison, 2002). Ryan (1991 cited in Burns, 1999) stated some types of motivation and they are determinants of people who go travelling. Tourist motivations include escape, relaxation, strengthening family togetherness, wish and self-fulfilment, prestige, shopping, social interaction and sexual opportunity. In addition, tourists are also motivated to travel by other factors. For instant, television can attract people to travel in new destinations and experience different cultures (Van Harssel, 1994). Tourists hope to experience various cultures and meet new people over the world because of the curiosity. It is the primary motivation of all visitors (Hudman and Hawkins, 1989). Credit cards are getting common among the world, so it is convenient for tourists to travel around without cash or just with a little cash. Basically, they tend to pay for the accommodation and recreation by credit cards. Additionally, well-educated can increase and stimulate people to go on a vacations, because education excite the curiosity of people. They hope to widen and enrich knowledge as well (Van Harssel, 1994). The most famous theory to describe motivation is Maslows needs hierarchy. Maslow used hierarchy to illustrate human needs as stimulators. There are 5 level hierarchy, including self-actualization, esteem, belonging, security and physiological needs. Subsequently, he added cognitive and aesthetic needs. However, it is not very clear to show that how these two needs fit into the former hierarchy. Human will not be motivated if the lowest needs, which is physiological needs, are satisfied. Next, they will be motivated by following needs, the security needs. Different needs are satisfied such and such (Ross, 1994). However, Page, 2003 argued that Maslow hierarchy model is not faultless, because people do not satisfy their needs hierarchically. Besides, some needs probably emerge at the same time. Nevertheless, the hierarchy model really highlights individual development needs. It also describes that human exert themselves for personal growth. In order to explain the motivations further ( Nickerson, 1996), many scholars have developed Maslows work since 1950s. Thus, the needs of people to go travelling can be considered from push and pull factors as well (Lundberg, 1990). Epperson (1983, cited in Lundberg, 1990) indicated that push factors are much more about internal, the personal desires. They motivate people to seek and go on a vacation (Page 2003). They are intended to satisfy different psychological needs (Dann, 1977 cited in Mill and Morrison, 2002). Epperson listed six push motives, such as, escape, self-discovery, relaxation, prestige, challenge and adventure. The push factors of Mainland Chinese tourists are erudition, fame, and having good personal relationship. Therefore, they travel in Hong Kong because of friendly, modern and convenient place for shopping and vacation (Liu et al, 2008). In contrast, pull factors are external elements to the people. They act like stimulators attracting people to travel, such as, advertisement of resorts (Page 2003). It is about the advantages of the certain destinations. They are stunning views, historical places, cultural and sporting events (Liu et al, 2008). Participating or watching sports also motivated people to travel (Hudman and Hawkins, 1989). Accessibility, high-tech impression and consumption are the important pull factors of Mainland Chinese. For these reasons Hong Kong is very successful in fashion retail, so it attracts plenty of Mainland Chinese tourists (Liu et al, 2008). Finding out the importance of push and pull factors, it needs the five main market segments. They are lone tourists, families, couples, friends, and tour groups. For example, escape element is mutually related to lone tourists and couples, these tourists less prefer togetherness. By contrast, Prestige is very important for people who travelling with friends, families and tour groups (Jamrozy, 1992 cited in Mill and Morrison, 2002). Normally, some destinations have been successful in tourism industry, because they understand the tourist motivation very well. They know how to attract tourist visiting their places (Page, 2003). Certainly, overarching tourists are in the world (Burns, 1999). Stanley Plog announced a famous model of tourist type. It is for classify people into psychographic and allocentrics by visitor characteristic. Psychometrics tourists travel purpose is relaxation, so they prefer to do the general activities in familiar destinations. The journey is prearranged. Besides, they do not want any foreign environment or atmosphere. On the other hand, allocentrics people are extroverted, self-confident and willing to meet new people. They are also curious about new experiences, so they generally travel in undeveloped destinations. The schedule is expected to arrange by themselves rather than travel agencies. Thus, it will be more flexible and unrestrained (Nikerson, 1996). Nevertheless, there are some p eople who do not desire to go travelling, because they think that it is safer or more comfortable to stay in their hometowns. However, if people like travelling, the motivations can be divided into two determinants, they are related to destination and non-related to destination. Travel for business, education, health, religion and visiting friends and relatives provide a few or no choices of going other destinations for instead (Coltman, 1989). Many tourists from Taiwan, the United States and South and Southeast Asia travel in Hong Kong for business. It can show that Hong Kong is an evident and important business hub (Kwong, 1997). People travel abroad because of religion as well, such as pilgrimages, going to historical places, religious bases or religious activities. The most important motivation of travelling among this kind of tourists is visiting the bases. For example, Jews go to Israel. Additionally, visiting historical places and attending religious musical and dramas are pr opagating the certain faith. These activities can make the tourists adhering to a faith (Hudman and Hawkins, 1989). One of a good example is people travelling for visiting friends and relatives. It is often more important than visiting destinations (Coltman, 1989). In addition, tourists visit their hometown is one of the big motivator (Hudman and Hawkins, 1989). Travel is related to destinations, the motives can be full of curiosity about other culture, detonations, local people and politics (Coltman, 1989). Hall and Page, 2002 stated that all tourism researchers also have a consistent question, why tourists travel. It is a very important to know because everyone also has their own reason. Most people can select regions they like to travel to. For hosts, understanding travel motivations can target potential tourists, serve them and satisfy their needs and wants (Mill and Morrison, 2002). There are various tourism demands around the world. Some countries have always been a popular tr avel destination, and others are still in development. Every countries and regions also have their own charisma to attract tourists to travel there (Swarbrooke Horner, 2004). People probably have many reasons to travel in a destination, They even prefer to choose a holiday type (Burns, 1999). It is about motivation which is essential part of consumer behaviour in tourism industry, because motivation is strong related to psychological wishes and needs (Page and Connell, 2006). It is very useful to use motivations and behaviour to classify tourists (Nickerson, 1996). Tourists will choose a destination because of the friendly local people or relaxing environment. The place is always wanted to visit, or some friends suggest the place highly, or the weather is great all the time and the scenery is attractive. Other ordinary factors will be concerned before people plan to go on a trip, such as, recreation, level of interest in history and culture of the place, shopping places, beautiful landscape, hygiene of the destination, ideal weather and cost (Lundberg, 1990 and Holloway, 2002). For instance, the travel purpose of the visitors from Europe, the Middle East and Africa is recreation. The shopping facilities and special features attract them to travel in Hon g Kong (Kwong, 1997). Actually, motivation is also about different behaviour of everyone (Argyle, 1996). The people, who like to travel around, are also divided into two categories. Some of them prefer having quite journey (Lundberg, 1990). Those people want to get away from the workplace since they always have a stressful lifestyle. They prefer to go to a new place for relaxing and forgetting all pressures (Holloway, 2002). On the contrary, others wish to seek adventure (Lundberg, 1990), but it does not mean standing same pace of workday life. This kind of tourists motivation can be defined as getting away from instead of going towards somebody and something. Going away everyday environment is more important than the interest of visiting new people and regions. (Krippendorf, 2002). It is also important to look at surface factors for understanding the travel reasons of tourists (Nickerson, 1996). McIntosh and Goeldner (1990, cited in Nickerson, 1996) stated that there were 4 kinds of motivators for basic travel. They included status and prestige, physical, interpersonal and cultural motivators. Firstly, status and prestige motivators are about the need for fame. Besides, people think that travel can secure admiration and recognition among their peers and friends. Secondly, physical motivators concern with health. Tourists may participate in sports event and take some recreation, and these actions are the motivators of keeping ones health. Getting treatment, medical care and attending weight loss camp are related to remedial health motivators. Next, people want to make new friends, leave or visit friends and family, they are also defined as interpersonal motivators. Lastly, cultural motivators describe tourists have ardent curiosity and want to experience other cultures and lifestyle (Nickerson, 1996). Facilitators are also very important for tourists, such as, disposable income, low local currency rate, conveniently accessible places, friendly locals and easy entry requirement. They all can stimulate tourists to visit certain destinations (Holloway, 2002). However, some people are not able to choose their favourite travel destination due to the limited money and time (Argyle, 1996). They usually compare with different destinations which is the most reasonable price to travel. Then, they choose the most appealing places among those destinations. (Coltman, 1989). It is also important to understand the process about what tourists consume for travel experiences which is included costs of time and money (Page, 2003). Consumer behaviour is the process of the people to make decisions when facing various products. They concern about selecting, buying, using and estimating the products which can be invisible and visible (Reisinger, 2009). The main point to understand motivation is more about what products tourists buy. Customers buy the products and services which based on the capacity to satisfy their needs and wants (Page and Connell, 2006). Many authors also connect tourism with consumption together (Greenwood, 1989; Burns and Holden, 1995 and Ritzer, 1998 cited in Burns, 1999). MacCannell (1976 cited in Burns, 1999) indicated that spend not only on recreation and tangible goods, but also on the local cultures that the countries they travel to. There are various kinds of tourists in the world. They can be categorised by demographic, social, economic, cultural, geographic, psychographic and behavioural. Every kind of tourist also has various needs, behaviour and favourites (Reisinger, 2009). It is usually defined as overnight and same day visitors, such as excursionists. Obviously, excursionists will not seek any accommodation, but they still need to use other transportation and infrastructure (Burns, 1999). Two exactly the same people cannot be found. Additionally, different expectation and viewpoints also can affect decision-making of travel destinations (Page, 2003). Mill and Morrison, 2002 indicated that if children can have opportunity in holiday decision making process, it can further the possibility of the children who are satisfied the holiday choice. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation can figure tourist motives out (Pearce, 1993 cited in Page, 2003). Intrinsic motivation is about individual needs to encourage themse lves going travel. For example, tourists travel for self-improvement or self-realization. It can make them to have happiness, fulfilment and ego-enhancement. On the other hand, extrinsic motivation is about surrounding factors which affect tourists attitudes, perceptions and preferences. For example, the tourism in the former Soviet Union, people sent labourers going on a vacation. Then, they would be refreshed and put in more efforts to work (Page, 2003). Erik Cohen announced a very famous tourism typology. He indicated that each kind of tourists interact with different destinations. It also can describe tourists behaviours and extent motivations. He separated into four types of tourists, such as, organised mass tourist, individual mass tourist, explorer and drifter. Organised and individual mass tourists keep staying in the environmental bubble, because people avoid have any unhappy affairs. Thus, they are less in touch with locals. They will arrange their trips as earlier as poss ible. In contrast, explorer and drifter prefer to understand deeply local culture and interact with locals. They will not remain in the environmental bubble (Burns, 1999). Tourism is the only way that it can let people to get away from daily routine temporarily and spend some holidays in one or more travel destinations. A journey can be changed and planned according to ones preference (Leiper, 1990 cited in Page, 2003). Travel for shopping Why do people go shopping? Mowen, 1995 stated that shopping motivation is from wish, drive or urge. People will go and shop when they are in need of something. In addition, there are a lot of shopping motivations during trips, such as low currency rate and bargain prices. Tourists also buy gifts as souvenirs of travel destinations or for steadying the relationship with people (Tasci et al, 2010). However, some people like shopping because they enjoy the purchasing process, rather than the products (Vipul and Mahendra 2009). They probably just want to escape from workday and experience other cultures (Tasci et al, 2010). Nowadays, shopping becomes an important part in the tourism industry. It is even a main part of a journey (Holloway, 2002). Shopping in Hong Kong is the main activity for tourists (Kwong, 1997). For example, tourists shopping spending makes a powerful impact on Hong Kong local economy. It is still the main spending among all spending categories until 2009. The total expenditure of shopping on overnight and same-day in-town visitors were HK$82.12 billion, it was around US$10.5 (Census and Statistics Department, 2010). Moreover, Mainland Chinese tourists become the highest consumers within all markets in Hong Kong. They spend a good deal of their money on shopping (Wong et al, 2002). When certain of seasons, weeks or months are bargain sales in some countries, plenty of visitors will travel to those places (Holloway, 2002). For example, the beginning of January and July usually are the bargain sales period of most shops in Japan (Japan National Tourism Organization, 2011). In addition, innovative and well-designed shopping malls and department stores are becoming an attraction of leisure activity. These comfortable environments can attract massive tourists to spend in there and enjoy the facilities by themselves (Holloway, 2002). Travel for business Business Tourism is about people who go travelling for their work as the main purpose. Business travel is one of a most ancient tourism types. The famous one is silk road which was the main connecting route of trading silk from Asia to Europe. Today, businessmen have to travel around the world frequently due to many purposes. They have to present at the meeting, conferences, training courses, exhibitions and trade shows. The trip is significant for them because it concerns about the companies whether can be able to survive in the marketplace (Swarbrooke and Horner, 2004). The motivation of the business tourism is closely related to the companies. For this reason, they usually do not care about the cost of the trip, such as, air tickets prices. They prefer the best business deal to the negligible cost. Moreover, business tourists always consider the most convenient and fastest way to arrive the destinations, so the trustworthy and frequent transportation is very important for them. It is not only flights, but also boats and trains. Then, business tourists can finish missions on time (Holloway, 2002). Page and Connell, 2006 also states that the employees will be reward for good performance if they succeed during the trip. China business travel spent USD$140.9 billion in 2010, it was increase 16.3% in comparison with 2009. According to the current development in China, the figure was just what the country expected. More and more overseas companies also want to negotiate the business with China, because Chinese market is getting a big influence in the world. Therefore, business travel is an important activity (Global Business Travel Association, 2011). Holloway, 2002 indicated that business tourists need to plan their journeys on the weekdays, because they hope to spend much time with their families at the weekends. It is fair enough since they are always ready whenever for the trip, even at night. They probably have a trip at short notice. The time of staying at home is getting less. In addition, business tourists have to face a lot of unexpected events, such as, delayed flights or traffic jams. They may be lonely and worried. It can be quite stressful for them (Lundberg, 1990). Therefore, some businessmen like to take their partner to the journey. They can make good use of the extra time to have a short pleasure trip. In some cases assistant is needed too if the trip is included leisure time. Owing to travel frequently, some business tourists prefer particular airlines and take advantages of the frequent flyer programmes. Further, the trip cost is usually paid by the company. Thus, they do not select direct and the cheapest itine rary for making sure to be awarded as many miles as they can (Holloway, 2002). Travel for visiting friends and relatives Visiting friends and families also has a history. This type of tourism trend has been pandemic from sixteenth century (Girouard, 1978). There are plenty of people migrants around the world. This permanent immigration can develop a tourism trend, visiting friends and relatives. It can provide a demand of tourism in those countries (Page and Connell, 2006). It is a good example in Guangdong Province, plenty of this kind of tourists over there. According to the history, Hong Kong was once part of Guangdong district. Thus, most ancestral homes of the residents are Guangdong. Owing to this special origin, a lot of Guangdong residents mostly have relatives and friends in Hong Kong nowadays (Tsui, 2004). Besides, there were above tens of thousands Hong Kong people migrated to overseas during 1980s to 1990s. The hot countries were The United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. However, the relatives and friends of the migrants were still in Hong Kong. Both of them had to be separated for a long time and they would look forward to seeing each other. Therefore, friends and relatives would travel in those countries for visiting the migrants. (Buckley, 1997). In addition, nowadays people go and join the wedding party which is also defined as visiting friends and relatives, it is not just in an earlier stage. The transportations are becoming well developed, people can travel in other countries easily (Swarbrooke Horner, 2004). Travel for experiencing other cultures Every country also has their own local culture. There are 12 cultural elements mainly, they are handicrafts, language, traditions, gastronomy, art and music, history, local work, architecture, religion educational system, dress and leisure activities. All of them can enable tourists to experience more about the local culture of the travel destinations (Mathieson and Wall, 1982). It is usually the main reason of a visitor travelling in a country (McKercher duCriss, 2003). Tourists can have a good opportunity to deeply understand the local culture through the. For example, they can go to heritage attractions, try the local food and attend the local festival celebration during the journey (Swarbrooke Horner, 2004). There is a Mid-Autumn Festival in Hong Kong annually. This festival represents togetherness and harmony of each family and people eat moon-cakes with their families together (Yip, 2008). Even though it is also a Chinese Festival, Hong Kong has new ranges and varieties of mo on-cakes (Tse, 2007). On the other hand, some tourists prefer to visit in a place which has similar cultural background. Tourists can communicate with the hosts easily because the language is slightly different or no discrepancy. (Reisinger, 2009). For example, Mainland Chinese frequently go travelling in Hong Kong. The cultural distance between this kind of visitors and the hosts is little or even there is not (Law et al, 2008). Currency rate This is a significant part in tourism industry. It deeply concerns about the customers consumption. Tourists will be willing to travel in that place and they will spend more if the exchange rate is low (Tribe, 2005). People will choose foreign countries if the currency rate is optimal (Greenwood, 2007). Exchange rate is big influence to the tourism industry since the total cost of the trip. It is the main factor of tourist behaviour. Tourists will decide the travel destinations, length of stay, the amount of spending, the frequency of travel time and the travel style because of the exchange rate. For example, people will stay in hostel instead of hotel if the currency rate is high. Some tourists will even change to other travel destinations where are low currency rate (Crouch, 1994). It is a big impact of short haul tourists especially, because this kind of tourists has sudden whims to go travelling. As usual, they compare prices in host countries to their hometown (Greenwood, 2007). Moreover, tourists of group tour also will think that the cost of the trip increases when they are surcharged by the travel agency. When the currency rate is in an unfavourable situation, most tourists will also believe that all tourism products are expensive. They will keep reining on their spending (Swarbrooke Horner, 2004). However, it is relatively weak influence on business travellers because they prefer to strike bargains rather than the cost of the travel way. For example, Even though the air ticket and hotel cost are increase, they will still continue their journeys (Crouch, 1994). Greenwood, 2007 indicated that exchange rate also affect less in long haul tourists. Normally, the tourists plan their journeys beforehand. Thus, they usually less concern the currency rate and continue to visit selected travel destinations. Government involvement Governments contribute greatly to the tourism industry through financial support, they will initiate a lot of new projects which are planning and helping for the tourism. They need to manage and dominate the related component parts as all cost a very large amount to develop (Holloway, 2002). They act a main role in tourism industry. They can be a big help in tourism development (Lundberg, 1990). For example, Istanbul is developed to be a main shopping destination in comparison with neighbouring countries. The biggest and oldest shopping mall in the world is also located in this city. The government will hold a forty day long shopping festival from 18th March to 26th April this year. They also bring many benefits to the visitors. Tourists can enjoy tax free shopping and get discounts on various products. Moreover, a brand new car will be awarded as the big prize everyday within the event (BI-ME staff, 2011). Promoting the tourism at overseas and home is necessary, because a good adver tising of the vacation spot can attract many tourists to travel there (Holloway, 2002). For instance, the responsibility of Hong Kong Tourists Association is promoting tourism industry for booming the economy in Hong Kong. It advertises Hong Kong tourism is a fusion of the Orient and the Occident, or traditions and modernism. These themes have been mentioned in a lot of booklets and tour guides (Cheung, 1999). Choi et al, 2008 stated that Hong Kong also has other favourable conditions, such as, advantage in geography, safety, convenient to travel and live and special benefits to Mainland Chinese tourists. The countries, which target tourism revenue as their primary national income, always have tourism development scheme. It is included what new manmade attractions should be built, and attracting more tourists come and spend in the country. However, then they can hurt the industry at the same time. The national leadership can produce wide influence in tourism. They will agitate local to be discrimination or ardour in visitors (Lundberg, 1990). According to the above literature, there are various travel motivations which have reviewed. Satisfying psychological needs is the main reason. Shopping, business travel and cultural travel are the general travel types of Mainland Chinese tourists visiting Hong Kong. However, everyone also has different behaviour and two same people do not exist. Therefore, two research questions should be included: is it only pull factors to make more and more Mainland Chinese tourists visiting Hong Kong? Secondly, what profile of Mainland Chinese tourists travelling in Hong Kong mainly?

Roger Sperry

Born August 20, 1913, Roger W. Sperry, won the 1981 Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine. He shared it with two other scientists, Wiesel and Hubel, for research on the nervous system and brain. They were praised for demonstrating the difference between the two hemispheres of the brain and special functions of the right brain. (Roger W. Sperry Biography (n.d.) A moderately controversial psycho biologist, Sperry changed the history of psychology. In 1935, Sperry attended an Introduction to Psychology class. His first page of notes reported two questions. One being, â€Å"Where does behavior come from?† and two, â€Å"What is the purpose of consciousness?† (Puente, A. 1995) His questions lead this intellectual giant into decades of research that would make a permanent impact on neuroscience, neuropsychology, psychology, philosophy, and society worldwide. (Puente, A. 1995) Born in Hartford, Connecticut, Sperry was a son of a banker and son of an Assistant to the Principle at a local High School. He had one brother named Russell, a year younger, who went into chemistry. At 10 years old, Sperry read a William James (1842-1910) publication that influenced his thoughts. At 11 years old, his father passed away, which left him mentally and emotional unfit for some time. As he attended high school, he played sports and was able to letter n the varsity athletics. Between high school and college he lettered three times in varsity athletics. He went on to graduate as an English Major in 1935, obtained a Masters in Psychology in 1937, then earned his Doctorate in Zoology 1941. In his professional career, Sperry held six different professional positions throughout his studies as a researcher and professor. He achieved near thirty-five different awards, honors, and scholarships in his lifetime. He also traveled all over the world to join in research studies. (Odelb erg, W. 1982) Sperry was a shy and reserved man. He married Norma, a fellow biologist in December 1949. Together they had a son and a daughter ten years apart. In his home life, he appeared as a family man as well as he loved collecting fossils, fishing, snorkeling, painting, sports, sculptures, ceramics, and dancing. In the first year of the Sperry's marriage, Roger, during a routine chest x-ray showed evidence of tuberculosis. The couple were sent to New York for treatment. During treatment he began writing monumental concepts of â€Å"Mind and Brain†, (1952) where he began to describe, â€Å"Present day science is quite at a loss even to begin to describe the neural events involved in the simplest forms of mental activity†. (Sperry, R. W. 1952 p.311) His thoughts became a published article in 1952 titled â€Å"Neurology of mind and brain problems.† This was one of two hundred-ninety publications by Sperry. Experimental Studies Sperry is most famous for experimental studies of how brain circuits are formed and for research on mental activities after the connecting tracts between cerebral hemispheres have been cut. While working toward his doctorate, Sperry was in close association with biophysicist Paul Weiss. Weiss developed a surgery to analyze how connections between nerves and muscles are patterned in amphibian. This experiment showed regeneration of links from eye to brain, and brain to muscles after having one eye removed and one rotated 180 degrees. (Trevarthen, C. 2004) In 1950, Sperry took one eye and transferred the other eye to the opposite side of the head in a fish or newt, resulting in them going in circles or appearing to be chasing their tail. Sperry concluded there is an internal brain signal, helping both perception of self movement and the focus of perception while the world is in motion. (Trevarthen, C. 2004) In 1953, Sperry and graduate student, Ronald Myers, invented an operation in cats to cut the crossover of visual nerves, and lead the nerves to only one cerebral hemisphere. While leaving one hemisphere intact for the animal to function . They tried several versions of crossovers. Specific connections could transmit learning. This operation is the route of the term â€Å"split brain†. These experiments extended to monkeys. (Trevarthen, C. 2004) In 1960, Neurosurgeon Joseph Bogen and Sperry observed behavior of split brain monkeys outside test situations. Their observations indicated that the left hemisphere which is normally the dominant and learning side, was virtually unimpaired and offered promise of relief from debilitating epileptic fits. (Trevarthen, C. 2004) Epilepsy disturbs brain function and can cause injury, brain damage or death. In 1962, Bogen performed a total neocortical commissurotomy, also known as brain surgery on a man who suffered frequent epileptic attacks. Sperry was able to apply systematic psychological tests after the surgery. In 1965, researchers explored a small population of brain surgery patients. Once understanding the connections achieved, this step in human brain surgery reached into all areas of human mental life and excited immense public and scholarly interest. (Trevarthen, C. 2004) In 1964, Roger Sperry, in a conference to the Division of Biology at Caltech, presented his ideas on consciousness. For the first time in psychology's history, Sperry was able to give his professional thesis on behavior and consciousness. Stating behavior is not only the culmination of complex interworking of neuronal patterning, but such patterning would give rise to consciousness. This consciousness would have causal effect on specific neuronal activity. (Puente, A. 1995) In laymen's terms, our behavior affects our consciousness, and our consciousness affects our behavior. Giving an answer to questions he had asked himself nearly 30 years before. Summary Sperry continued his research until the end of his life. He received an APA Lifetime Achievement Award at the 101st convention of the American Psychological Association in August of 1993. Several extraordinary breakthroughs have been achieved from the dedication, research, and logic Sperry was able to share with his colleagues. He was able to give humans with neurological problems life rather than having to suffer. Roger W. Sperry died on April 17, 1994, in Pasadena, CA from neuromuscular degenerative disorder. References http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1981/sperry-autobio.html# http://www.faqs.org/health/bios/41/Roger-W-Sperry.html http://people.uncw.edu/puente/sperry/sperrypapers/50s/46-1952.pdf

Downsizing History and Trends - 814 Words

Employment patterns in USA During World War I (1914-1918) and World War II 1939-1945) businesses were mass hiring for production workers to keep with the demands for manufactured goods. Post World War II 1946-1964 nearly 75 million American children were born; it was the start of the â€Å"baby boom† generation. By the 1970’s the demands for goods was at an all-time high and organizations were in need of employees. demands for manufactured goods was not as high, but it created new demands for supply that would create new jobs in road-building, real estate development, etc. By the 1980s demand for goods had leveled off and firms were looking for ways to control costs, earn more profits, while maintaining high production. Downsizing History†¦show more content†¦Organizations started to focus on core capabilities and focused on outsourcing non-core capabilities to other companies across the world. The access to information gave organizations to buy anything from vendors across the globe, which affected many companies. (Turner, F. (2000). Recent research shows that organizations are not simply focusing on the benefit of a quick remedy to control costs, by rather at creating strategic plans for implementation. Implementation can contribute to the many factors regarding the outcomes of downsizing. Organizations take proper precautions while downsizing, minimalizing potential risks that can occur. Trends show that firms try to announce downsizing activities well in advance and offer buyouts or retirement packages. Others try to reinvent positions and eliminate old meaningless positions. They attempt to eliminate a comparable amount of positions in all levels to keep a good balance and lean model. These practices are considered aspects of good downsizing strategies. However there are still firms that use mass layoffs and the sale of company assets to cover losses in an attempt to become more effective and efficient. Today’s research information shows that this short term thinking can hinder your organization, creating unhappy employees leading to lower levels of productivity, causing the organization to be less efficient which is the exact opposite what you wereShow MoreRelatedDismissal Meeting 21697 Words   |  7 Pageshelp ease the pain of an employee that’s been laid off is to grant the employee a generous severance package which could provide economic benefits that reflects management’s compassion and understanding of the impact of the termination. Although the trend is for companies to offer less in severance payments, 93 percent of them require employees to sign releases of liability in order to receive severance pay. 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Informative Speech Outline on Investing in the Stock Market

Chris S COMM 105 Informative Speech 02/07/11 Investing in the Stock Market Introduction I. There is a smile on my face, a tingling feeling throughout my entire body, my day has just turned from mediocre to marvelous as if I had won the Ohio Lottery. II. This is the feeling I have when at 9 AM I check my stock portfolio to see my money grow daily. III. During my deployment with the Army in 2008, I decided that there was no better time to invest in the stock market, and I have been doing so ever since. IV. Today I would like to inform you why to invest in stocks, give you a brief history of recent stock market events, and explain why now is the best time to invest. (Transition): First, I will explain why you should†¦show more content†¦1) For example, if you were to buy 5000 shares of Citigroup stock today, it would cost $24,200. a.) If you were to sell that same amount of stock in a few years at $55.12 per share, you would profit a total of $251,400. Conclusion 1.) As I have explained, stocks have the highest return of any investment. 2.) Fortunately, it is not too late to buy in and make a substantial profit. 3.) In conclusion, buying stocks now can make a poor person very wealthy in years to come given proper research and the tools to do so. Bibliography 1. Anderson, T. M. (2008, November). Best of the Online Brokers. OhioLinks . Academic Search Complete. 2. Davies, P. J. (2008). Liquidity and Leverage: the old-fashioned drivers of a very modern meltdown. Critical Quarterly , 50 (4), 94-106. 3. Kantz, M. (2011). Some investors miss bulls rewards . USA Today , 03b. 4. Keown, A. J. (2010). Personal Finance: Turning Money into Wealth. 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American History And Literature The Roaring Twenties,...

The early 1900’s (between 1914 and 1945) were an interesting time in both American history and literature. Considering that events such as WWI, the Roaring Twenties, the Great Depression, and WWII had formidable impacts on many people who lived during those parts of the early 20th century; it would be apropos to assume that many writers of that time had major influences in their writing styles out of the various events that occurred during those times. One popular literary movement during this time, however, was modernism; best depicted as a rejection of prior literary trends (mostly realism) that tried to identify the truths that lie within the fractured world that writers lived in; as well as a rejection of past ideals in literary design (Byam 1847). As a result, many writers and poets held different interpretations towards their works, which led to various impacts on the modernist movement. One such writer that helped define the American modernist era was E.E Cummings; with his own personal background, the topics of his poems, and the techniques he ; he was one of the most notable modernist poets and an influential figure of the modernist era. To briefly describe E.E. Cumming’s life; he was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts on October 14, 1849 to a traditional Harvard family (Byam 2136). He had graduated from Harvard in 1916 with a Masters in Arts; he used his experiences at Harvard to help define himself as an aspiring poet (Byam 2136). Shortly afterwards, he ended upShow MoreRelatedThe Global War to the Great Depression627 Words   |  2 PagesAmerica, it seemed, desired no part in this scramble for order, turning its back to the international world. Through the Great War to the Great Depression, the transforming world not only caused America to withdraw from the world, but also allowed Franklin Delano Roosevelt an opportunity to refine all aspects of American standards and life. Despite only a brief participation in the Great War, a diplomatically satiated America swiftly closed its doors to the international world. However, this was not withoutRead MoreThe Roaring Twenties : A Time Of Economic Prosperity2020 Words   |  9 PagesWhat came to be known as the Roaring Twenties was a time of economic prosperity following the First World War. At the crest of Jazz Age, when traditional norms were tested and culture was displayed through music and literature, American consumerism was at its peak. From Ford’s automobiles to the smallest of household appliances, from houses to stock market bonds, the average American used credit to purchase all of these appliances. However, at the height of this consumerism, the wealth gap amidstRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesESSENTIAL MANAGEMENT SKILLS EXPLAIN A LEARNING MODEL FOR DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS REVIEW THE CONTENTS OF THE BOOK ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   This page intentionally left blank Introduction The Critical Role of Management Skills No one doubts that the twenty-first century will continue to be characterized by chaotic, transformational, rapid-fire change. In fact, almost no sane person is willing to predict what the world will be like 50, 25, or even 15 years from now. Change is just too rapid and ubiquitous

Jazz concert Free Essays

As much as I enjoyed attending a classical music concert in November, I thoroughly enjoyed myself at the Jazz concert I attended on Monday night. Though two vastly different types of music, the theory almost remains the same; variations on a theme. Since Jazz music is a little more my speed, I have to be honest when I say that I was looking forward to this assignment slightly more than the classical concert. We will write a custom essay sample on Jazz concert or any similar topic only for you Order Now I found a Jazz club called Zinc Bar on Houston in New York City that seemed to have reasonable prices and a wide selection of shows and musicians playing at ifferent times. We decided to attend the nine p. . show not knowing exactly who would be playing. Already this is a huge difference between the classical and Jazz concerts. Arriving early, we decided to eat some dinner at a restaurant called Arturo’s right down the block from the club. As soon as we walked in, our first sight was a set of musicians and a singer playing live free Jazz music for the restaurant patrons. The band included an upright bass, a piano, and auxiliary percussion instruments and a male singer. They stuck to Jazz standards for the most part but eing that we were at an Italian restaurant we got a generous helping of Frank Sinatra. The musicians really set the tone for the entire establishment. Everywhere you looked, even though time with the music. Needless to say when we left the restaurant, we couldn’t help but feel swept away by the entire New York Jazz experience. The ambiance continued inside of the Zinc Bar. The club itself was a small, very intimate setting, with a banquette and small tables on one wall and a long bar on the other. The band was positioned at the end of the bar facing out towards the entrance. The lighting was inimal save for a few candles and colored lights. There was a two drink minimum at the tables whereas the classical concert reserved the drinking to coffee at intermission. The crowd is sparse in the beginning but grows to a full bar towards the end, which we find out is a result of the main head-liner playing at 1 1 p. m. Ron Afflf. But we had very little regrets seeing this first band, the Alexis Cole Trio. The trio consisted of a singer, Alexis Cole, Ben Stivers on the keyboards, Bill Pace on the upright bass, Ryan Scott on guitar, and Greg Ritchie on drums. The lead singer would ntroduce all of the songs before they were played unlike the classical concert where listeners relied on their programs to inform them of the upcoming pieces. The first song they played was by Bob Marley and one of my favorite tunes, â€Å"Redemption Song†. The song was faster than Bob Marleys version and in the middle, Ms. Cole transformed her voice into many different instruments as she scatted her way to the final chorus. In this song, and in every song where the band was involved, each instrument had their own chance to â€Å"scat† and improvise on their respective instruments. After each musician finished their solo, the audience was encouraged to clap which is in stark movements. The second piece was an original composition by the keyboard player, Ben Stivers, called â€Å"East of the Sun† and again featured all members of the band. I found my feet really tapping to this tune and I really enjoyed the piano solo. It had Just the right rhythm and well-balanced solos that I never felt bored. The third and fourth songs were by Thelonius Monk and unfortunately Ms. Cole never mentioned the names. Ms. Cole almost took a back seat in these songs and really let usicians go to town. The solos were intricate and involved seemingly removing the musician from the room and into his heart and mind. The listener couldn’t help but be totally transfixed. I also felt that in this section the bass player really took the most risk rhythm wise and possibly might have made a mistake. I say possibly only because if he did make a mistake, he recovered so well it’s possible we were Just imagining things. The fifth song was by Billy Strahorn called â€Å"My Little Brown Book† which Ms. Cole introduced as a song about regret. This tune was only or the singer and the keyboards and was extremely intimate. One really got the sense that Ms. Cole was trying to give you something. The sixth song was another original and by far the most experimental. It started slow and soft and grew into a myriad of sounds with the guitar player playing with certain pedals on the floor. The more they played and the more she couldn’t help but feel like I was caught in a windstorm. It culminated into what sounded like a disorganized Jumble of chords and solo material but somehow ended up right back at the original melody and rhythm. It was impressive to say the least. For their last song they decided to take a request from the audience and after much heckling from the crowd it was decided that they would end with â€Å"My Funny Valentine† which the keyboard player had arranged in G minor and in 3. It was an interesting take on an old standard and done in a beautiful smoky tone. It was really a nice end toa perfect New York Jazz experience. As different as classical and Jazz are, I couldn’t help but feel that Jazz had at least drawn on the basics of classical music. Start with a melody, make it your own, and then tell your story. I feel that music will forever enrich my story. How to cite Jazz concert, Papers

Determinants of Employee Engagement-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Critically evaluate the use of key motivational theories in increasing Employee engagement. Answer: In the present business state of affairs, human resource management is one of the key aspects to be considered in maintaining the effective working environment in the organizations (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). Employee engagement is one of the key objectives for the human resource management for the organizations. It refers to the implementing various activities and practices to increase the level of motivation of the employees in the organizations. The more motivated will be the employees, the more will be their level of productivity in the workplace. Thus, eventually it will help to increase the organizational effectiveness of the organizations. There are various theories being given by different author regarding the employee engagement (Anitha 2014). This essay will discuss about different theories being given and will be compared with one another to determine their effectiveness. In addition, the theories being implemented by various organizations will also be discussed in this e ssay. The first theory to be discussed is the Maslows needs theory. According to this theory, there are five basic aspects of needs for motivating human beings. The needs are being presented in a hierarchical structure based on their importance in the human life. According to this theory the first or the most basic need is physiological needs (Lester 2013). This refers to the basic needs of air, water, food and shelter. The next step is the safety needs, which refers to the associated safety and security required by the individuals. It includes job security, financial security and health security. The next step is the social needs which refer to the care and belongingness of the individuals. Effective working environment is also being included in this part (Korzyynski 2013). Esteem needs is the next part which includes self respect, confidence and recognition. The last part being the self actualization needs. It refers to the growth or potential to grow being possessed by the individuals. Thus, following this theory in the organization will help to improve the motivation of the employees. This is due to the reason that, the physiological needs of the employees can be fulfilled by providing those best possible salaries. In the case of the safety needs, effective working environment being implemented by the organizations for their employees will help to provide safety and security to the employees in their workplace. Initiating various employee welfare schemes and effective team work in the organizations will enable the employees in fulfilling their social needs (Gallie et al. 2012). Promotion and continuous growth in the organization will help the employees in fulfilling their esteem needs. The last needs of self actualization of the employees can be fulfilled by utilizing the potential of the employees optimally. Moreover, the growth policy of the organization should provide the opportunities to their employees in promoting them up to the top level management. However, a limitation is being identified with this theory. This theory is state about various needs of the employees, however, in the practical situation; all the employees will not have the same level of needs (Taormina and Gao 2013). In addition, not all the employees will have all these stated needs. Thus, this theory may not be applied in every organization. For instance, Google applied this theory in their internal management. They take care of all the required needs of the employees from all the hierarchical levels. The varied and diversified needs of different employees are being taken care of (Gallie et al. 2012). Thus, Google is known for effective employee engagement policies. In addition, the employees in Google is much more engaged and motivated than any other competitors employees. The next theory to be discussed is McClellands theory of needs. According to this theory, employees can be motivated by basic three needs. These include need for power, achievement and affiliation (Royle and Hall 2012). Need for power can be provided to the employees by offering effective growth structure in the organization. It will help the best performers to climb the hierarchical ladder more effectively and quickly (Weske 2012). Need for achievement can be fulfilled by offering the employees more challenging job which will increase the feeling of achievement among the employees upon accomplishment. Need for affiliation of the employees can be fulfilled by implementing effective working environment in the organization. It will help to increase the level of mutual understanding and cooperation among the employees. Compared to the Maslows need theory, this theory offers more holistic approach of motivating the employees. Organizations will have more ease in dividing the policies regarding the employee engagement due to the reason that they have to divide it in three aspects compared to the five aspects of Maslows (Andrew and Sofian 2012). However, this theory also contains limitations. One of the key limitations of this theory is that, organizations will find it difficult to provide all the employees the need of power or achievement. For instance, Decathlon provides their employees ample opportunities in promotion and job growth (Royle and Hall 2012). However, they also finds it difficult it fulfilling a particular type of needs for all the employees. The next theory is Herzbergs two factor theory. According to this theory, organizations should consider two factors, motivators and hygiene factors to maintain the level of motivation for the employees (Malik and Naeem 2013). The motivators refer to the factors which enhance the level of satisfaction among the employees. However, absence of these factors will not lead to dissatisfaction of the employees. On the other hand, hygiene factors refer to the factors which prevent the dissatisfaction of the employees. Implementing these factors will also not increase the satisfaction of the employees. These are the basic needs to be considered in the organization. This theory is much more realistic compared to other two theories. This theory helps the organizations to identify the factors for maintaining and enhancing the motivation level of the employees. However, the limitation that has been identified with this theory is lack of relativity with the practical situation. There are various n eeds of the employees (Tarique 2014). Several employees can get satisfied with fulfillment of the hygiene factors; on the other hand, employees can get dissatisfied even with the fulfillment of the motivators. Thus, these factors are being depended on the individual preference patterns. For instance, Microsoft maintains the effective working environment in their internal organization by offering the basic or hygiene needs of the employees. It helps them in preventing the dissatisfaction of the employees (Malik and Naeem 2013). On the other hand, motivational factors such as rewards, incentives, promotional opportunities and job recognition are being provided by them to the employees in order to motivate them to increasing their productivity. The next theory to be discussed is the ERG theory of motivation. This theory is being designed to better synchronize the Maslows theory of motivation (Caulton 2012). According to this theory, three needs are to be considered by the organizations in order to increase the level of motivation among the employees. These are existence needs, relatedness needs and growth needs. Existence needs refers to the basic two needs being mentioned in the Maslows need theory. This includes the basic necessities of the employees in their life. Relatedness needs refer to the social and esteem needs which can be fulfilled by providing the effective working environment in the organization. Growth needs refers to the achievement and personal growth of the employees (Weng and McElroy 2012). The main advantage of this theory over Maslows is that, this theory considers more practical overview compared to the Maslows. According to this theory, the dissatisfaction of the employees regarding not fulfilling the basic needs can be overcome by fulfilling the esteem and social needs and vice versa. On the other hand, Maslow stated that it is a gradual process and should cover all the aspects for employee engagement. One limitation being identified with this theory is regarding its effectiveness in the employee engagement. This is due to the reason that, there are may be several employees whose dissatisfaction for not fulfilling the basic needs cannot be overcome by fulfilling other needs. They have other perspective which is not being considered in this theory. For instance, employee engagement in Emirates faces issues due to the reason that, several employees are being dissatisfied with their basic needs and several other are satisfied and vice versa (Abraham 2012). Now, this is quite difficult for the organization to overcome all the dissatisfactions of the employees by implementing a singular approach of employee engagement (Caulton 2012). The next theory is the Vrooms expectancy theory. This theory states a complete different approach compared to the above discussed ones. According to this theory, the motivation for the employees is more of expected outcome of the employees from a particular job unlike the other theories where needs of the employees are being considered to enhance the level of motivation of the employees (Parijat and Bagga 2014). This theory states that the expectation of an employee regarding the rewards and recognition being achieved from performing the task is the main factor for employee motivation. Thus, organization should enhance the employee importance and offers job having greater sense of achievement (Dalal et al. 2012). The main advantage of this theory over others is its employee orientation. Unlike the other theories, this theory offers the opportunity to consider the diversified and varied expectations of the employees and offering jobs accordingly. However, this theory also comprise of limitations. One of the key limitations of this theory is that, the system of rewarding the employees is not always being proportioned with the performance. Various organizations offer rewards based on the skills, qualification and the position of the employees. Thus, this theory will not be applicable in this case. For instance, Daimler considers their employees as their one of the key stakeholders for the organization. Thus, the employees are given importance in accomplishment of the responsibilities (Parijat and Bagga 2014). The jobs are being designed in the organization in such a way that it will provide the sense of achievement for the employees. The next theory is the goal setting theory of motivation. According to this theory, the goals or objectives of the job being offered to the employees is the key factor for enhancing the employee performance (Miner 2015). The more challenging and creative job to be offered to the employees along with necessary feedback, the more will be the employee motivation. Setting of effective goals helps the employees in having the clear and precise idea about what and how to accomplish the job role. The main advantage of this theory is having no need of implementing any schemes or policies in the organization in order to enhance the employee motivation. This theory helps the organizations in providing feedback to the employees and vice versa (Whitaker and Levy 2012). Thus, the communication channel gets enhanced. Moreover, it covers the holistic and diversified employee requirement in order to motivate them in their workplace. One of the key limitations being identified with this theory is not considering the diversified skills possessed by different employees. Many employees are there who get motivated with less challenging role rather than having more challenging roles. In addition, complex and difficult goals further de-motivate the employees. For instance, Dell uses this goal setting theory in increasing the motivation of the employees (Miner 2015). The employees are being properly guided and mentored in their job responsibilities. Thus, the employees feel more involved and engaged in their workplace. The next theory to be discussed is the equity theory of motivation. According to this theory, ethics in the organizations are also one of the key determinants to enhance the motivational level of the employees (Al-Zawahreh and Al-Madi 2012). This theory states that, the extent to which fairness, transparencies and ethics being followed by the organization influence the employees in enhancing their level of engagement. The more the organizations will follow ethical principles, the more will be the positive motivation of the employees. Compared to the other motivational theories, this theory considers the ethics over any materialistic needs of the employees in determining the level of motivation. However, one limitation being identified with this theory is that, all the employees may not be motivated with the ethical principles being followed by the organization. Majority of the employees are being motivated by having materialistic appraisals by the organizations. Thus, this theory cannot be applied with all the employees and organizations. For instance, Microsoft is one of the leading organizations in terms of fairness and following ethical principles. However, the employees in the organization may not be motivated by portraying these examples to them (Al-Zawahreh and Al-Madi 2012). Thus, they have promotes various appraisals for their employees in order to motivate them. The last topic to be discussed in this essay is the Bandura social learning theory. This theory is not defining the concept of employee motivation like the other theories did (Rosenthal and Zimmerman 2014). According to this theory, the level of motivation of the employees can be influenced by following or imitation of the co-employees in the organization. Thus, it is the responsibility of the organization to implement the effective working environment in the internal premises in order to motivate the employees by following one another. The key limitation of this theory is that, it lacks the consideration of practical situation in the organizations. In the few organizations, employees may get influenced by some negative personalities of other co-workers. Thus, it will cause negative implications for the organizations. Thus, from the above discussion of the various theories of motivation, it can be concluded that majority of the theories lacks the consideration of practical situations. Most of theories cannot be applicable by the organizations in a holistic approach. It is due to the reason that, the theories being discussed do not consider the diversity in the requirement of the employees (Facer et al. 2014). However, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that expectancy theory of motivation and goal setting theory of motivation is comparatively more effective than the other theories. This is due to the reason that other theories discussed about the needs of the employees to be fulfilled in order to increase their effectiveness. However, the needs of the employees is variable in nature and thus, it cannot be fulfilled by implementing a singular approach. Moreover, it is quite difficult for the organizations to promote separate initiatives for the employees. Thus, these theories cannot be applied in the practical situation. Expectancy and goal setting model of motivation discussed about the expectation of the employees from their respective job responsibilities and the influence of goal setting. Thus, these theories can be applied in more holistic approach in the organizations. It will not require determining the individual perspective in implementation of the theories in the organization. Effective implementation of these theories in the organizations will help to create an effective working environment for the employees along with enhancing the level of motivation and engagement of the employees. It will enable the organizations in having increased the productivity level and increase in the core competencies in the market. Moreover, the more employee engagement will lead to more effective customer service. Thus, the image and goodwill of the organizations can also be get enhanced with the help of these theories References Abraham, S., 2012. Job Satisfaction as an Antecedent to Employee Engagement.SIES Journal of Management,8(2). Al-Zawahreh, A. and Al-Madi, F., 2012. The utility of equity theory in enhancing organizational effectiveness.European journal of economics, finance and administrative sciences,46, pp.158-170. Andrew, O.C. and Sofian, S., 2012. Individual factors and work outcomes of employee engagement.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,40, pp.498-508. Anitha, J., 2014. Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance.International journal of productivity and performance management. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Caulton, J.R., 2012. The development and use of the theory of erg: A literature review.Emerging Leadership Journeys,5(1), pp.2-8. Dalal, R.S., Baysinger, M., Brummel, B.J. and LeBreton, J.M., 2012. The relative importance of employee engagement, other job attitudes, and trait affect as predictors of job performance.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,42(S1). Facer Jr, D.C., Galloway, F., Inoue, N. and Zigarmi, D., 2014. Creation and initial validation of the Motivation Beliefs Inventory: Measuring leaders beliefs about employee motivation using four motivation theories.Journal of Business Administration Research,3(1), p.1. Gallie, D., Zhou, Y., Felstead, A. and Green, F., 2012. Teamwork, skill development and employee welfare.British Journal of Industrial Relations,50(1), pp.23-46. Korzynski, P., 2013. EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION IN NEW WORKING ENVIRONMENT.International journal of academic research,5(5). Lester, D., 2013. Measuring Maslow's hierarchy of needs.Psychological Reports,113(1), pp.15-17. Malik, M.E. and Naeem, B., 2013. Towards understanding controversy on Herzberg theory of motivation.World Applied Sciences Journal,24(8), pp.1031-1036. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Parijat, P. and Bagga, S., 2014. Victor Vrooms expectancy theory of motivationAn evaluation.International Research Journal of Business and Management (IRJBM),7(9), pp.1-8. Rosenthal, T.L. and Zimmerman, B.J., 2014.Social learning and cognition. Academic Press. Royle, M.T. and Hall, A.T., 2012. The relationship between McClellands theory of needs, feeling individually accountable, and informal accountability for others. Taormina, R.J. and Gao, J.H., 2013. Maslow and the motivation hierarchy: Measuring satisfaction of the needs.The American journal of psychology,126(2), pp.155-177. Tarique, I., 2014.Seven Trends in Corporate Training and Development: Strategies to Align Goals with Employee Needs. Pearson Education. Weng, Q. and McElroy, J.C., 2012. Organizational career growth, affective occupational commitment and turnover intentions.Journal of Vocational Behavior,80(2), pp.256-265. Weske, M., 2012. Business process management architectures. InBusiness Process Management(pp. 333-371). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Whitaker, B.G. and Levy, P., 2012. Linking feedback quality and goal orientation to feedback seeking and job performance.Human Performance,25(2), pp.159-178.